3.
 Normal cells go through only a certain amount of divisions, while HeLa cells go through so many, which is why Lacks' cells have been continuing to grow so rapidly. Normal cells go through mitosis while the HeLa cells continue to multiply and grow. Normal cells have the typical set of chromosomes while cancer cells have a unique set of chromosomes. This is why sometimes the cells do not forego the normal and controlled mechanisms. When the regular process of mitosis is changed, the cells go through a change as well and become cancer cells. They then multiply without the normal mechanisms. 

the cell cycle has a process that makes sure the correct genetic material has been copied. The G1 phase checks for any errors that may have occurred, ensuring that a normal cell division occurs. CDKs (regulated by cyclins), control the cell growth and cancel out any damaged cells. However, if these protein do not function normally, mutations can occur when the genes become abnormal and unstable, allowing errors to occur in genetic material. This occurred in the cell cycle of Lacks' cells, resulting in uncontrolled cell division. 

1. Take a well developed position for or against the use of HeLa cells in research

 

We agree that although the situation was morally wrong and unethical, the use of these HeLa cells has led to many positive and significant contributions. However, It was one thing for the doctors to use her race to their advantage since consent for blacks wasn’t important back then. Also, it was another thing to tell the Lacks family that the use of her cells were in process years later. It was also wrong for the doctors to give no financial benefits to the family. 
Once the doctors realized that Lacks’ cells were abnormal since they were still multiplying after she died, the cells were taken into major research. Even today, the cells are still being studied. This discovery had made large profits to science and medicine, although not given to the family. Science and medicine has changed as a whole ever since. The cells have treated many illnesses around the world. When a polio epidemic broke out, the cells were used to make vaccines as they aided so many people back to healthy states. In addition, the cells were sent to space to see how they were react in an atmosphere with such great pressure. The HeLa case cells have changed our perception on genes as when an accident occurred, the chromosomes of the cell were spread out, revealing that there are 46 chromosomes, instead of 48. All in all, although the use of the cells was morally wrong due to the neglected consent, the discoveries and contributions to the world, science, and medicine is tremendous, stressing our support for it.

5. How did Henrietta Lacks get cancer?

 
In 1957 Lack went to the hospital because of abnormal pains and bleeding in her abdomen and  physician  Jones diagnosed her with cervical cancer. Her cells grew out of control, which caused them to be malignant, cancerous cells. And from our reading, we learned that cells that grow out of control leads to tumors. Lacks went to Johns Hopkins because it was the only hospital that treated African-Americans. Cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus or HPV, which one can get by transmitting it from someone who already has it. Cervical cancer can be treated if founded at an early stage. Even after special treatment like radiation treatment (which was done by inserting tubes of radium around the cervix and then sewing them in place) and X-Ray treatment, the cancer spread. Lacks died on October 4, 1951 because of this threatening cancer.  

2. Make a well-developed description of a research use for HeLa cells.

 
Even though HeLa cells were taken from Lacks without her consent, a lot of scientific discoveries and advancements were made through them. For over 10 years HeLa cells have provided important biological models for human research or disease. The cells are considered as the "industry standard" tool for studying human biology. Studies based on HeLa cells have led to 2 Nobel Prizes and improvements in areas such as cancer, HIV/AIDS and a vaccine for polio.  In 1952 researcher Jonas Salk created the vaccine and used HeLa cells as a part of the testing process. One can say the cells saved millions of lives. Also HeLa cells are being used to help stop the spread of cancer cells and test medications for Parkinson's Disease.  

At first, HeLa cells were developed for cancer research but that was just the start. After experimenting with them, scientists created a new field of study called virology.  Genetic medicine might not have been created without the help of HeLa cells. In 1960 they were fused with a mouse embryo to make the first hybrid cell, which later helped scientists start the process of mapping the human genome. Lastly HeLa cells also helped in studying tuberculosis, HIV and HPV, and created a vaccine for HPV. In conclusion, HeLa cells influenced the vaccines and medications that are still used today. 

4.  Analyze a HeLa cell karyotype.

As you can see, compared to the male karyotype, HeLa cells are far from normal. A normal karyotype has 46 chromosomes, 23 from the maternal side and 23 from the paternal side. However "[HeLa Cells] have the strangest karyotype" says Fischer. "They have 3 copies of this, and 2 copies of this, and 5 copies of that. They're not normal." HeLa cells have extra copies of some chromosomes and missing copies of others. They have 70-90 chromosomes with 4 copies of chromosome 12 and 3 copies of chromosome 6, 8, and 17 with 20 translocations. They are highly intricate which involve numerous chromosomal rearrangements. Because some scientists argue that the HeLa genome is not actually a human genome anymore, biologists consider cancer cells to be their own species. Not only did scientists find abnormalities in number but also in structure of chromosome and factors such as cancer cells losing healthy copies of genes. The chromosomes were arranged in the wrong order and didn't have the number of copies a normal chromosome does. 

Chromosomal disorders are usually caused by mutations that affect a chromosome. These defects are not passed down but is caused by a genetic error during mitosis or meiosis. During cell division, a body can accidentally create too many chromosomes or not enough. In both processes of cell division the expected number of chromosomes is supposed to end up in the daughter cells. Cells that don't have the normal chromosome number, can result in an error during division. Errors can also occur when a chromosome doesn't duplicate properly like in the S phase of Interphase. 

The other factor that causes chromosomal disorder is error in structure. This is when chromosomes are deleted, duplicated wrong, inverted, misplaced or exchanged with other chromosomes. Unfortunately, Henrietta Lacks had both structural and numerical problems with her chromosomes.